Executive Summary
On 26 March 2024, Directive (EU) 2024/927 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 March 2024 amending Directives 2011/61/EU (AIFMD) and 2009/65/EC (the UCITS Directive) as regards delegation arrangements, liquidity risk management, supervisory reporting, the provision of depositary and custody services and loan origination by alternative investment funds was published in the Official Journal of the EU (the “Directive”). The Directive entered into force on 15 April 2024. Member States now have until 16 April 2026 to transpose the Directive into national law.
The amendments to AIFMD can be summarised at a very high level as follows:
Delegation:
The agreement states that an AIFM will be required to employ at least two persons full-time or engage two persons, who are not employed by the AIFM but nevertheless are committed to conduct that AIFM’s business on a full-time basis and who would be resident in the Union, thus ensuring the minimum, stable substance within the AIFM. According to the draft texts, fund managers will need to provide general information on the delegate and subdelegates such as: (i) a list and description of the activities which are delegated, and, (ii) a description of periodic due diligence measures carried out to oversee, monitor and control the delegate. ESMA shall develop draft regulatory technical standards (RTS) specifying the “details of the information” and also “set out the appropriate level of standardisation” of the information to be reported.
In addition to this, quantitative information would also need to be reported by AIFMs to regulators. Fund managers would need to disclose the amount and percentage of the fund’s assets which are subject to delegation arrangements as well as the number of full-time employees to monitor the delegation arrangements.
Liquidity Management Tools:
The agreement sets out that an AIFM that manages an open-ended AIF must select at least two appropriate liquidity management tools from the list set out in Annex V of the Directive. ESMA is tasked with developing draft RTS to provide definitions and specify the characteristics of the LMTs set out in Annex V. The full list is as follows: (i) suspension of redemptions and subscriptions, (ii) redemption gates, (iii) extension of notice periods, (iv) redemption fees, (v) swing pricing, (vi) dual pricing, (vii) anti-dilution levy, (viii) redemptions in kind, and (ix) side pockets). ESMA is also tasked with developing RTS on selecting and using suitable LMTs by the AIFMs. National regulators are also empowered to require that an AIFM activates or deactivates a relevant LMT in certain circumstances.
Loan Origination Funds (LOFs):
The new rules provide for a mixture of new restrictions to address financial stability concerns and provisions designed to support the growth of the European market. They include the following:
- Cross border lending: The new rules clarify that AIFMs are permitted to originate loans on behalf of AIFs, and that LOFs can lend on a cross-border basis within the EU.
- Leverage limits for LOFs: Set at 175% for open-end LOFs and 300% for closed-end LOFs, expressed as the ratio between the exposure of the LOF and its net asset value, with the exposure calculated using the commitment method. Subscription line financing arrangements are excluded from the calculation and AIFMs are permitted to rectify any breaches of the limit to be rectified within an appropriate period of time and taking into account the needs of investors. These two provisions are modelled on the ELTIF Regulation.
- Retention requirements: LOFs selling loans they have originated will now be required to retain 5% of the notional value of the loan. The new rules introduce limited derogations from this requirement.
- Liquidity profile of LOFs: LOFs will be required to have a closed-end structure unless they can demonstrate to supervisors that they have appropriate liquidity risk management practices in place to maintain an open-end structure.
Depositary services:
While the issue of a depositary passport has been discussed for some time, there is no such passport introduced here. Instead, what is put forward is an approach allowing depositaries to operate cross-border in certain situations. Member States will have the choice to authorize depositary services in another Member State, on a case-by-case basis if the national depositary market of the home Member State either: (i) consists of fewer than seven depositaries and none of those depositaries has assets safekept exceeding €1 billion, or (ii) the aggregate amount in that market of assets safekept does not exceed a certain amount.
Third-country provisions:
Amendments are made to provisions on marketing, authorisation and depositary services, updating the requirements for third country funds and fund managers not to be established in the jurisdictions identified as high-risk countries according to the latest AML and tax rules at EU level. This includes the requirement to fully comply with the standards laid down in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and ensure that an effective exchange of information in tax matters including any multilateral tax agreements as well as the requirement that the third country is not mentioned in Annex I to the Council conclusions of 2020 on the revised EU list on non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes.
The amendments to the UCITS Directive mirror those changes put forward to the AIFMD.
Please contact Jennifer Wood, Danny O'Connell or Nick Smith with any questions regarding these requirements.
-
Jennifer Wood
Managing Director, Global Head of Asset Management Regulation & Sound Practices
-
Danny O'Connell
Head of Brussels Office, AIMA
-
Nicholas Smith
Managing Director, Private Credit, Alternative Credit Council
Practical Implications
The updated rules will present the following practical implications:
- AIFMs with loan-origination as their primary strategy will be subject to a leverage cap. The level of the leverage cap will differ depending on whether the fund being managed is open-ended or closed-ended. A cap of 175% will apply for open-end LOFs and a cap of 300% will apply for closed-end LOFs.
- Fund managers will need to disclose to regulators the amount and percentage of the fund’s assets which are subject to delegation arrangements as well as the number of full-time employees to monitor the delegation arrangements.
- AIFMs that manage an open-ended AIF will need to select at least two appropriate liquidity management tools from the list set out in Annex V. These are (i) suspension of redemptions and subscriptions, (2) redemption gates, (3) extension of notice periods, (4) redemption fees, (5) swing pricing, (6) dual pricing, (7) anti-dilution levy, (8) redemptions in kind, and (9) side-pockets. Side-pockets do not count as one of the LMTs for this purpose and AIFM must select two others.
Timeline
AIMA has categorized this proposal as Medium Priority/Medium Impact and it is therefore represented in Mid-Dark Blue in the AIMA Regulatory Forecast gantt chart.
Due date for Implementing Measures under Arts. 24(5a), 24(5b) | April 16, 2027 | **New** |
Estimated Compliance Date | April 16, 2026 | |
Transposition Deadline | Apirl 16, 2026 | |
Due date for Implementing Measures under Arts. 23(7), 50(7), 69a(2) | April 16, 2026 | **New** |
Due date for Implementing Measures under Arts. 16(2f)-(2h) | April 16, 2025 | **New** |
Effective Date | April 15, 2024 | |
Publication in the Official Journal | March 26, 2024 | |
Final ECON Position for Trialogues | February 2, 2023 | |
Council general approach | June 21, 2022 | |
AIMA AIFMD Position Paper Ahead of Trialogue Negotiations | February 8, 2023 | |
AIMA AIFMD Position Paper on Draft Parliament Report | August 8, 2022 | |
AIMA Comments Paper on Council General Approach & Draft Parliament Report on AIFMD | June 20, 2022 | |
Joint Trade Associations Letter to Commissioner McGuinness on AIFMD Review | July 16, 2021 | |
AIMA Response to European Commission Consultation on AIFMD Review | February 2, 2021 | |
Proposed Directive (and related proposed annexes) published by European Commission | November 25, 2021 |
A grandfathering provision for loan-originating funds is introduced in Article 61(6). This provides for a 5 year transitional arrangements for loan origination funds that do not raise additional capital.
Pending Implementing Measures
“Implementing Measures” include (i) regulatory technical standards, (ii) implementing technical standards (which may be developed by ESMA to be adopted by the European Commission, including by delegated acts in accordance with the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and (iii) guidelines developed by ESMA, in each case where expressly mandated in the Directive.
The Directive includes authorisations for a number of Implementing Measures under AIFMD, each described briefly in the table below.
AIFMD Article |
Description |
Due Date |
Article 7(8) |
ESMA report on AIFM delegation practices and compliance with Articles 7 and 20 |
16April 2029 |
Article 12(4) |
ESMA report on costs charged to investors explaining the reasons for the level of |
16 October 2025 |
Article 16(2f) |
RTS on the requirements for LOFs to maintain open-ended structure |
16 April 2025 |
Article 16(2g) |
RTS on the characteristics of liquidity management tools |
16 April 2025 |
Article 16(2h) |
ESMA Guidelines on the selection and calibration of liquidity management |
16 April 2025 |
Article 23(7) |
Guidelines to specify the circumstances where the name of an AIF is unfair, |
16 April 2026 |
Article 24(5a) |
RTS specifying requirements for reporting delegation arrangements, |
16 April 2027 |
Article 24(5b) |
ITS specifying the (i) format and data standards, (ii) methods and |
16 April 2027 |
Article 24(6) |
Commission Delegated Acts specifying when leverage is to be considered |
No stated deadline |
Article 50(6) |
ESMA ITS to establish common procedures for NCAs (i) to cooperate in |
No stated deadline |
Article 50(7) |
ESMA Guidelines indicating situations where NCAs may require AIFMs |
16 April 2026 |
Article 69a(1) |
Commission review of the framework, with a focusing on (i) the impact |
16 April 2029 |
Article 69a(2) |
ESMA report on the development of an integrated supervisory data |
16 April 2026 |
Corresponding authorisations for Implementing Measures were adopted as part of the amendments to the UCITS Directive.
News and Archive